topk

This page explains how to use the topk aggregation function in APL.

The topk aggregation in Axiom Processing Language (APL) allows you to identify the top k results based on a specified field. This is especially useful when you want to quickly analyze large datasets and extract the most significant values, such as the top-performing queries, most frequent errors, or highest latency requests.

Use topk to find the most common or relevant entries in datasets, especially in log analysis, telemetry data, and monitoring systems. This aggregation helps you focus on the most important data points, filtering out the noise.

The topk aggregation in APL is a statistical aggregation that returns estimated results. The estimation comes with the benefit of speed at the expense of accuracy. This means that topk is fast and light on resources even on a large or high-cardinality dataset, but it doesn’t provide precise results.

For completely accurate results, use the top operator.

For users of other query languages

If you come from other query languages, this section explains how to adjust your existing queries to achieve the same results in APL.

Splunk SPL users

Splunk SPL doesn’t have the equivalent of the topk function. You can achieve similar results with SPL’s top command which is equivalent to APL’s top operator. The topk function in APL behaves similarly by returning the top k values of a specified field, but its syntax is unique to APL.

The main difference between top (supported by both SPL and APL) and topk (supported only by APL) is that topk is estimated. This means that APL’s topk is faster, less resource intenstive, but less accurate than SPL’s top.

Splunk example

| top limit=5 status by method

ANSI SQL users

In ANSI SQL, identifying the top k rows often involves using the ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses. While the logic remains similar, APL’s topk simplifies this process by directly returning the top k values of a field in an aggregation.

The main difference between SQL’s solution and APL’s topk is that topk is estimated. This means that APL’s topk is faster, less resource intenstive, but less accurate than SQL’s combination of ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses.

SQL example

SELECT status, COUNT(*)
FROM sample_http_logs
GROUP BY status
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC
LIMIT 5;

Usage

Syntax

topk(Field, k)

Parameters

• Field: The field or expression to rank the results by.
• k: The number of top results to return.

Returns

A subset of the original dataset with the top k values based on the specified field.

Use case examples

Log analysis

When analyzing HTTP logs, you can use the topk function to find the top 5 most frequent HTTP status codes.

Query

['sample-http-logs'] 
| summarize topk(status, 5)

Run in Playground

Output

status	count_
200	1500
404	400
500	200
301	150
302	100

This query groups the logs by HTTP status and returns the 5 most frequent statuses.

When analyzing HTTP logs, you can use the topk function to find the top 5 most frequent HTTP status codes.

Query

['sample-http-logs'] 
| summarize topk(status, 5)

Run in Playground

Output

status	count_
200	1500
404	400
500	200
301	150
302	100

This query groups the logs by HTTP status and returns the 5 most frequent statuses.

In OpenTelemetry traces, you can use topk to find the top five status codes by service.

Query

['otel-demo-traces']
| summarize topk(['attributes.http.status_code'], 5) by ['service.name']

Run in Playground

Output

service.name	attributes.http.status_code	_count
frontendproxy	200	34,862,088
	203	3,095,223
	404	154,417
	500	153,823
	504	3,497

This query shows the top five status codes by service.

You can use topk in security log analysis to find the top 5 cities generating the most HTTP requests.

Query

['sample-http-logs'] 
| summarize topk(['geo.city'], 5)

Run in Playground

Output

geo.city	count_
New York	500
London	400
Paris	350
Tokyo	300
Berlin	250

This query returns the top 5 cities based on the number of HTTP requests.

List of related aggregations

• top: Returns the top values based on a field without requiring a specific number of results (k), making it useful when you’re unsure how many top values to retrieve.
• topkif: Returns the top k results without filtering. Use topk when you do not need to restrict your analysis to a subset.
• sort: Orders the dataset based on one or more fields, which is useful if you need a complete ordered list rather than the top k values.
• extend: Adds calculated fields to your dataset, which can be useful in combination with topk to create custom rankings.
• count: Aggregates the dataset by counting occurrences, often used in conjunction with topk to find the most common values.